Scientific journals operate on two main business models. “Closed access” refers to a model where fees are paid by institutions or individuals to access articles published by the journal. Under a closed access model, no fee is paid by the authors of the article. “Open access” refers to a model where access to the article is freely available and revenue is instead from fees paid by authors of articles. Established and more prestigious scientific journals tend to be closed access, while newer journals tend to be open access.

"For Anglican churches to be 'in communion' is for them to recognise each other's sacraments and bishops and view each other as being part of one overall church. The Anglican Communion is a denomination of regional churches who are in communion with the Church of England (CoE).

Currently the Anglican Communion is divided over liberalising reforms (e.g. the ordination of females priests and bishops, the acceptance of and performing of same-sex marriages). The major conservative block within the Anglican Communion is the Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches. These divides have also caused splintering of Anglicanism in the USA, with the conservative Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) splitting from the liberal Episcopal Church. The Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches recognise the ACNA, but the CoE and other more liberal Anglican churches do not."

Veritaserum is an otherwise-harmless liquid that compels people to tell the truth at all times.

Traditionally, each US state selects its own day to hold its presidential primary. The usual order for the beginning of the primaries is Iowa 1st, New Hampshire 2nd, Nevada 3rd and South Carolina 4th. Some states joined together to hold their primaries on the same day, the most prominent example being 'Super Tuesday'. In 2024, the Democratic party opted to have South Carolina, rather than Iowa, hold the first primary.

Following Republican outcry that money should not be going to protect Ukraine before protecting the US southern border, a bipartisan group of senators crafted a legislative package which packaged together money for Ukraine and Israel with $20 billion for increased border protection and a number of policy changes which would've made it easier to prevent immigrants entering the country. Following strong opposition from Donald Trump, Senate Republicans rejected the proposal.

The Academy is a prestigious institution dedicated to the advancement and recognition of film. It controls which films are nominated for, and awarded Oscars (Academy Awards). Artists become members of the academy by sponsorship from two existing academy members, and this entitles them to vote for which films are nominated for, and win, Oscars. Between 300 and 1000 members are added each year. As of 2022, The Academy was 81% white.

China has an import quota capping the number of imported foreign films to 34 a year. Films that are jointly produced with China are not subject to the import quota because China controls at least 50% of the copyright and profits/losses of the film. China is the 2nd largest film market in the world

A synthetic performer is an AI generated performer made to look as lifelike as possible, to the point where you cannot tell the difference. However, synthetic performers are NOT based on a specifc real person. This is distinguishable from a digital replica, which is an AI generated performer based on a real person, eg Carrie Fisher in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. Synthetic performers are also distinguishable from computer-generated animation

The Australian Carbon Credit Union Scheme (ACCU) provides carbon credits to companies which can show they have exceeded their targets for emissions reduction. These credits can be sold to other firms or the government for a profit. In 2024, almost half of carbon credits were issued for vegetation managment projects. The majority of vegetation management projects involve agreeing not to allow livestock to graze where they were previously planned to, thus allowing the environment to regenerate.

China manufactures more electric vehicles than the rest of the world combined. China hosts over 300 domestic electric vehicle companies as well as Tesla, Volkswagen and other foreign brands who have gigaplants manufacturing EVs in China. Chinese EV companies are steeply cutting car prices to maintain market share. The CCP has historically encouraged market consolidation in other industries by removing merger barriers and using CCP officials to initiate merger negotiations.

A unicameral legislature refers to a legislature with only one house or assembly. Examples include New Zealand and South Korea.

A bicameral legislature refers to a legislature with two houses or assemblies. Examples include the United States and Australia.

In Australia, the major party candidates for each electorate are typically chosen by the local branch of the respective major political party. However, the practice of "parachuting in" candidates occurs when the federal party overrides this process, appointing a candidate to run in a specific electorate instead of deferring to the local branch's choice. Notable instances of this include the selections of Kristina Keneally in Fowler and Andrew Charlton in Parramatta.

In the 1990's, Australia had inefficient ports as a result of union domination. For instance, the Patricks Company (a dock working company) had an exclusive contract with the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA) that required them to hire union workers. Industrial action was common, prices were high and there were substantial delays.

The Australian government and Patricks colluded to union bust the MUA, and began a campaign to reform the waterfront. Patricks secretly trained a non union workforce in Dubai. The Australian government made funds available to Patricks in the event of an industrial dispute, and passed legislation which put further limits on industrial action. In 1998, Patricks locked out its union workforce and replaced them with the non union workforce. 

Eventually a deal was reached between Patricks and the MUA to reform the way the waterfront operated. These reforms included allowances for the hiring of non union labour on the waterfront, casualisation of the workforce, paycuts, increased working hours and redundancies. This lead to a substantial weakening of the MUA's power.

Collectively, this process is referred to as the 'waterfront reforms'

A ‘public option’ healthcare system involves the government directly providing public healthcare for vulnerable members of the population (poor people, disabled people, old people etc) for free. The rest of the population may choose to buy into that public system for a fee. A ‘single payer’ healthcare system involves the government directly providing public healthcare for the entire population.

"Directly observed treatment" refers to medications that must be taken while being directly observed by a medical professional. When given a prescription, a patient is required to be observed when they take each dose of that medication, either in person or by video link. It is often used for highly communicable diseases like tuberculosis. Anti-psychotic medication is medication prescribed to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations and paranoia), often for those with schizophrenia.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressant medications commonly prescribed to treat depression and anxiety disorders (for example, Lexparo and Prozac). They work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in the brain. The majority of individuals do not experience severe side effects, and overdosing is extremely rare. The period in which severe side effects are the most common is when coming on and off SSRI's

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger are Sahelian states in Western Africa that experienced military coups in 2021, 2022,and 2023 respectively. Nigeria leads the regional bloc, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which placed sanctions on all three nations with a longstanding policy of sanctioning any ECOWAS states that overthrow democratically elected governments. After the coup in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso declared they would militarily support Niger if Niger was attacked. In January 2024, all three countries gave notices to leave ECOWAS which take a effect a year after their submission.
The Sahelian countries mostly export gold (~$15 bil combined), with some cotton (~$600 mil combined), sesame seeds (~500 mil combined), and Niger exports radioactive ores (~300 mil). All three countries depend on imports for food, weapons, industrial goods, and chemicals.

Lebanon runs under a confessional political system in which political power is divided between various religious groups. For instance, seats in the parliament are split 50/50 between Christians and Muslims. The president is required to be a Maronite Catholic, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim. This split is based on the 1932 census, which showed a slim majority of Maronite Catholics. More recent surveys have shown the population is closer to one-third Maronite, with Muslims a slim majority. Lebanon has not had a census since 1932.

A gig economy platform is a platform which connects those looking for short term 'gig' work to those looking to hire people to perform that work. Examples include Uber, Airtasker and Fiver. In 2018, the workforce board of Long Beach, California launched a gig economy platform of its own. The platform covered both public sector gig work (for instance in education and healthcare) and private sector gig work (for instance in childcare and events). Workers are given 'digital badges' reflecting their skills and qualifications to help match them with employers. There are similar platforms planned for Portland, Oakland, Louiseville and Southern Indiana.