In the 1990's, Australia had inefficient ports as a result of union domination. For instance, the Patricks Company (a dock working company) had an exclusive contract with the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA) that required them to hire union workers. Industrial action was common, prices were high and there were substantial delays.
The Australian government and Patricks colluded to union bust the MUA, and began a campaign to reform the waterfront. Patricks secretly trained a non union workforce in Dubai. The Australian government made funds available to Patricks in the event of an industrial dispute, and passed legislation which put further limits on industrial action. In 1998, Patricks locked out its union workforce and replaced them with the non union workforce.
Eventually a deal was reached between Patricks and the MUA to reform the way the waterfront operated. These reforms included allowances for the hiring of non union labour on the waterfront, casualisation of the workforce, paycuts, increased working hours and redundancies. This lead to a substantial weakening of the MUA's power.
Collectively, this process is referred to as the 'waterfront reforms'